Concluding 
Concluding 
1. What you say when concluding your essay or argument

in conclusion a phrase used at the beginning of the final paragraph of an essay or
article, when you want to write about the main things that you have mentioned in it:
 In conclusion, the results of our study suggest that this type of diet is perfectly safe.
 Thus, in conclusion, the population of England remained fairly stable for much of the
15th century.

to summarize / to sum up used when referring to the main things that you have 
mentioned in it:
 To summarize: there are many reasons why people commit crime. 
 To sum up, in 1922 the Soviet government found itself in a situation similar to the one
faced by the Tsars.

STUDY NOTE: Grammar 
You use to summarize and to sum up at the start of the final paragraph of an essay or
article. They can be followed either by a colon or a comma. 

something can be summarized as follows used when saying what you think 
the main points about something are: 
 The organization's main aim can be summarized as follows: to create opportunities 
for students to learn a wide range of computer skills.
 The result of the survey can be summarized as follows. Both Japan and Korea show
a strong preference for natural gas over oil, coal, and nuclear energy. 

the following conclusion(s) may  be drawn  used when you want  to mention 
something that you think is true because of what has been written earlier in the article or 
essay:
	The following conclusions  may be drawn  from these figures. Firstly, the US 
economy is moving out of recession. Secondly, there are no grounds for concern about 
its immediate future.
 With  regard to  defense measures against  attack from the  air,	the following 
conclusions may be drawn. The best method of defense is a strong air force. The next
requirement is a well-organized observation (radar) and warning system.





the main conclusion to be drawn is that used when you want to mention the
main point that you think is true because of what has been written earlier in the article or
essay:
 The main conclusion to be drawn from this discussion is that the best way to help
slow readers is to improve their skill at recognizing individual words.



2. Saying again what your aims were at the conclusion of an essay

STUDY NOTE: Grammar 
When you are writing the concluding paragraph of an essay, report etc, you often begin 
by saying what you wanted to achieve when you were writing the essay. The following 
are some phrases you can use.

the purpose / aim  of this ... was to ...	used at  the end of  an essay,  article,
report, etc, when saying what its purpose was and whether you have succeeded, what 
you have found, etc: 
 The aim of this study was to determine whether it is possible to reduce the amount of
salt in bread without spoiling its taste.

in this ... I have tried / attempted to ...	used  at the end  of  an  essay, article,
report, etc, when saying what its purpose was and whether you have succeeded, what 
you have found, etc: 
 In this essay, I have tried to set out the main events that led to the start of the First
World War.
	In this  report, we have attempted to  demonstrate that although  nuclear power is 
cleaner than using gas or coal, it is more expensive in the long-term.
